The Buddhist Emperor in Ninth Century Japan

the implied reader in 18th century literary criticism

this thesis is going to delineate the concept of the reader as implied in 18th century literary theory; based on the study of the major reader oriented elements of criticism of the age-taste, the sublime, and aesthetic pleasure-its aim is to explain what sott of reader is implied and what kind of response on the part of the reader is proposed in 18th century english literary theory and aestheti...

Vocabularies of Grief and Consolation in Ninth-Century Francia

On Not Understanding Extraordinary Language in the Buddhist Tantra of Japan

The question motivating this essay is how tantric Buddhist practitioners in Japan understood language such as to believe that mantra, dhāran. ı̄, and related forms are efficacious. “Extraordinary language” is introduced as a cover term for these several similar language uses found in tantric Buddhist practices in Japan. The essay proceeds to a critical examination of Anglo-American philosophy of...

factors and consequences of the spread of the black death (great plague of the middle ages) in iran (eighth and ninth century ah / fourteenth and fifteenth century ad)

in the world history, from ancient times up to now, the plague has been followed by heavy casualties on human societies and social order. one of the deadliest plagues is the great plague of the middle ages, or so-called black death. this plague, in the eighth and ninth ah (fourteenth and fifteenth century ad) swept over some large areas of asia, especially the middle east, as well as europe, an...

Buddhist Hagiography in Early Japan: Images of Compassion in the Gyōki Tradition